In molecular biology, a cap analog is a synthetic molecule that mimics the structure of the natural cap found on messenger RNA (mRNA). This natural cap, typically m7G (7-methylguanosine), plays a crucial role in several cellular processes, particularly initiating mRNA translation.

Function: Replicate the natural cap’s function during in vitro (outside a living cell) experiments, specifically mRNA synthesis.

Benefits:
• Enhance the efficiency of translation in cell-free systems.
• Increase the stability of mRNA molecules.
• Allow for incorporation of unique features not present in natural caps (e.g., fluorescent tags for tracking).

Applications: Primarily used in in vitro transcription reactions to generate capped RNA for various purposes:
• Studying protein translation.
• Microinjection experiments to introduce mRNA into cells.